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mo1240_01_300.asx: 記者会見-300K mo2991_56.asx: mo2067_21_300.asx: インタビュー1-300K + View this Video hq_011404_okeefepress.ram: The nasa.gov site requires that JavaScripts be enabled in your browser. For instructions, click here Text and images site Contact NASA Home Find it at NASA: Enter search term Global Navigation ABOUT NASA NEWS AND EVENTS MULTIMEDIA MISSIONS MyNASA WORK FOR NASA Missions Navigation: MISSIONS HIGHLIGHTS NASA MISSIONS TIMELINE SHUTTLE AND STATION LOOKING AT EARTH EXPLORING OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEEP SPACE MISSIONS RESEARCH AIRCRAFT Why We Explore Conditions for the Age of Space 02.04.05 Editor''s Note: This is the seventh in a series of essays on exploration by NASA''s Chief Historian, Steven J. Dick. In this essay we continue our discussion of the Age of Discovery as an interpretive framework of the Age of Space. Both the Age of Discovery and the Age of Space had their motivations, although very different. In the 15th century exploring nations were in search of empire, and their motivations were twofold: economic gain through trading or land acquisition, and religious conversion. The motivation for the space age was neither of these. In the wake of Sputnik, under the Eisenhower Administration the President’s Science Advisory Committee in 1958 identified four factors that gave importance, urgency and inevitability to entering space: exploration, national defense, prestige, and science. Among these, national prestige was paramount, as historical analyses such as Walter McDougall’s The Heavens and the Earth have shown. Image left: Replicas of Christopher Columbus'' sailing ships Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta sail by the Shuttle Endeavour before its maiden voyage in 1992. The motivations are much the same today, although we are now in a test of will to see whether international cooperation, exploration, and perhaps even commercial gain, can provide the same impetus to space that international competition once did. Both the Age of Discovery and the Age of Space required means of conveyance. Beginning with Prince Henry the Navigator the vessel of choice for ocean exploration was the small maneuverable and relatively fast caravel with its lateen triangular sail, in contrast to the galley or other vessels with fixed sails or oarsmen. Caravels were used for everyday trade routes in Western Europe, and typically new types of vessels were not constructed for the early long transoceanic voyages. By contrast, because nothing had ever entered the ocean of space, designers had to invent spaceships from scratch. It is true that both the Soviet Union and the United States adapted older military missiles as the motive power to enter space, but both also independently designed new capsules to carry humans on their epic early manned programs. The partially reusable space shuttle came later. As described in Roger Bilstein''s The American Aerospace Industry , and Joan Bromberg''s NASA and the Space Industry , an entire aerospace industry sprang up on the foundations of the aviation industry to cater to the rocket and spacecraft needs of the Age of Space. Unlike the ancient ports from which the ships of the 15th and 16th centuries departed, spaceports were built anew, their locations determined not so much by water (though an uninhabited overflight path was a factor), but by the latitudes at which Earth rotation could impart additional motive power, among other considerations. Those spaceports, with now legendary names like Cape Canaveral, Vandenberg, Kourou, Plesetsk and Baikonur, were the equivalents of Palos, Lisbon, and Sanlúcar de Barrmeda. We are now in a test of will to see whether international cooperation, exploration, and perhaps even commercial gain, can provide the same impetus to space that international competition once did. Both Ages had their heroes, leaders of the voyages of discovery. Columbus and Magellan were men of daring and adventure, who personally argued for government funding of their voyages. Cosmonauts and astronauts -- men like Gagarin, Shepard and Armstrong -- were daring too. But it was not they who argued for government funding for the space program, it was scientists and managers like von Braun. At another level, crews in the Age of Discovery, as in the case of Magellan''s circumnavigation, were often hard to come by. There is no parallel to this among myriads of astronaut applicants, which outnumber successful candidates by more than 1000 to one. Neither do the robotic spacecraft so central to space exploration find a parallel in the Age of Discovery. In robotic exploration the human heroes were those who argued for the missions, spent entire careers planning and implementing them, and had either success or failure as their reward. As spacecraft designers, ground controllers, and principal investigators know, even robotic space exploration is an intensely human activity. Finally, both the Age of Discovery and the Age of Space had their navigators, and their users and producers of maps as a result of their voyages of discovery. The Age of Discovery had its world cosmographic maps, and its portolan maps, the latter to actually help in navigating. The Age of Space too had its general cosmography as backdrop, and its practical star maps for celestial navigation, though its methods of navigation -- gravitational assists from planetary flybys, for example -- were strikingly novel. Like the 16th century, space age voyages of discovery produce ever more accurate maps of their routes and their destinations. The general themes for the Age of Space are similar to those of the Age of Discovery, but the particular conditions were very different. Not surprisingly, both need to be seen in the context of their times. Nevertheless, both ages indisputably produced great voyages of discovery. We will discuss some of them in the next essay. Readings: Bilstein, Roger, The American Aerospace Industry: From Workshop to Global Enterprise (Twayne: New York, 1996). Bromberg, Joan Lisa, NASA and the Aerospace Industry (Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1999). William E. Burrows, This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age (The Modern Library: New York, 1998). Walter McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985). J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration and Settlement, 1450-1650 (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1981; 1st edition, London, 1963). Sheahan, John T. and Francis T. Hoban, Spaceports, in Defining Aerospace Policy: Essays in Honor of Francis T. Hoban , edited by Kenneth Button, Julianne Lammersen-Baum, and Roger Stough (Ashgate: Burlington, VT, 2004). Steven J. Dick NASA Chief Historian Related Multimedia Flash Features + Vision to Reality + Earth, Moon, Mars, Beyond + Kids: 3-2-1 Blastoff! Futuristic Concepts + View feature ''Into the Cosmos'' President Bush outlines ''A Renewed Spirit of Discovery'' for NASA. Video runs 6:30 + Windows Media High + Windows Media low + QuickTime + Download 15.2 Mb WinZip Moon, Mars and Beyond Neil Armstrong hosts a new video on NASA''s Vision for Space Exploration. + View this Video NASA''s New Mandate Administrator O''Keefe responds. + View this Video + Read Transcript (PDF) Astronaut Training + View this interactive feature Related Sites + The Vision for Space Exploration + NASA History Office + Return to Flight NASA Fact In a Gallup poll, 68% of those surveyed support the new plan to return to the moon, then travel to Mars and beyond. + More NASA Facts... + Inspector General Hotline + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act + FY 2005 Budget Request + 2003 Strategic Plan + Freedom of Information Act + The President''s Management Agenda + FY 2004 Agency Performance and Accountability Report + NASA Privacy Statement, Disclaimer, and Accessibility Certification Editor: Jim Wilson NASA Official: Brian Dunbar Last Updated: February 3, 2005 + Contact NASA hq 011404 okeefepress + View this Video NASA - Conditions for the Age of Space follow this link to go to the text only version of nasa gov lovetrailer.mov: Brittney, pour le film 8mm. Si vous avez créé une image ou avez écrit un conte, cliquez ici pour apprendre comment partager votre travail avec nous. 23 SEPTEMBRE Finalement, la bande annonce de It's All About Love arrive ! En anglais avec des sous-titres français. J'ai aussi créé une page d'information pour The Woods et pour Walk The Line . 22 SEPTEMBRE 4thpenguin.wmv: mo2779_500.asx: 予告編-500K na.asx: mo2899_21_500.asx: インタビュー1-500K mo2899_21_500.asx: mo2413_300.asx: 予告編-300K mo1240_51_300.asx: 予告編 2-300K mo2899_500.asx: 予告編-500K mo1737_01_300.asx: 記者会見-300K mo1737_01_300.asx: mo1738_01_300.asx: drifting.mov: Quicktime 5 (3.7 Meg) mo3711_500.asx: hotelrwandatrailer.mov: Clips from Hotel Rwanda, all featuring Joaquin. 2:33mins / 0:46mins / 1:21mins. 13,080KB / 3,911KB / 6,999KB hotelrwandatrailer.mov [hi-res] / hotelrwandatrailerlow.mov [lo-res] Hotel Rwanda trailer. 2:13mins. 10,824KB hi-res / 2,114KB lo-res. spanish-high.smil: Sempre que ponho o cursor a descer pelos milhões de Favoritos (de que não me lembro) que tenho no explorer, escolho sempre para abrir um com o título: Não existem paginas para apresentar . 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